Response to Obedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem

JOHN THORPE ENG 101: QUESTION # 2 DISOBEDIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROBLEM Clean your rooms, do your home work, go to school and get a good education. These are rules rather than orders that most people are given choice whether it is to obey or suffer some sort of consequence, despite not knowing what the consequence are many may choose to obey the order; however the question is, should we obey all orders that are given to us, despite of our moral of ethnical problem with the order that are ordain to us? Regarding this matter of disobedience as being â€Å"a psychological and†¦show more content†¦From the mid 1960s through the end of the decade, more than half a million Blacks participated in rebellions that rocked some 300 American cities. More than 60,000 Blacks were arrested, more than 200 were killed, and tens of billions of dollars worth of property was damaged. Despite of the consequences of these acts, humanistic conscience and stirred emotions drove the bla cks to disobey the high authority they were cognizant that their entire life have been jeopardize by this unjust law, in other words they were being treat like rejects from another planet, scorned like a plague, and ordered around like a mule on a saddle, hence the introduction the Civil Right Movement that revolutionize worldwide political movements for equality before the laws. This ruckus could have been impeded if they have had some sort of reasoning, however the government being pompous in there thinking and also claiming â€Å"omniscience and omnipotent† they clearly lose sight on the outcome and they did not prevail over the crisis that t hey single handedly created, moreover; their laws were over thrown and their high authority openly defied, by those who they may label as rebels and not a type of revolutionist since they so called oppose the natural flow cycle of things. A great instance comes from a recognizable man Nelson Mandela, who stood side by side with his beliefs and humanistic conscience, together with determination and resilience to defy,Show MoreRelatedObedience Is The Psychological Mechanism That Links Individual Action1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose.† (Milgram, 1963). As a Psychologist at Yale University, Milgram proposed an experiment mainly focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. In the 1960’s, Stanley Milgram analyzed justifications for genocide acts by those accused during World War II. The Nuremberg War Criminal trials, States the people were thought of them as simply following orders from their higher ranksRead MoreA Few Good Men By Erich Fromm1546 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the motion picture â€Å"A Few Good Men† it obscures the inquiry whether disobedience or obedience is the rational distinction and at what instant does following the orders turn into blind obedienc e and submission? Furthermore, the movie complicates this theme by establishing military culture where disobedience to a higher power invokes dire repercussions. One example in the motion picture is when United States Marines Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and Private Louden Downey where instructed by theirRead MorePsychological Analysis On Obedience And The Stanford Prison Experiment1258 Words   |  6 Pages Psychological Analysis on Obedience What forms a person’s predisposition to act in a certain way in any given situation? Is our personality something that we are born with or does it develop over time, and furthermore once it is ‘developed’ can it be significantly influenced by our surroundings? It is something that each of us wonders as we go about our daily lives. We wish that our circumstances were different so that we could be different people. Most of the time this type of thinking, if verbalizedRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s The Milgram Obedience 1587 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous Milgram obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram, social psychologist who worked at Yale University during the 1960s, and the ethical guidelines that should have been integrated with his research. Stanley Milgram’s aim was to study whether the German population were predominantly compliant to imposing figures which was a collective thought for the Nazi massacres that happened during the course of World War II. Milgram’s study dishonored the regulations and procedures for moral human experimentsRead MoreObedience to Authority1250 Words   |  5 PagesObedience to Authority No human social organization can function without some degree of obedience to authority, as the alternative would be anarchy leading to total chaos. Hence we find some sort of a hierarchy in both the most underdeveloped and the most civilized societies where certain individuals exercise authority over others. Almost everyone will agree that some degree of authority in certain individuals or groups (and their obedience by other groups) is desirable for the proper functioningRead MoreObedience to Authority1260 Words   |  6 PagesObedience to Authority No human social organization can function without some degree of obedience to authority, as the alternative would be anarchy leading to total chaos. Hence we find some sort of a hierarchy in both the most underdeveloped and the most civilized societies where certain individuals exercise authority over others. Almost everyone will agree that some degree of authority in certain individuals or groups (and their obedience by other groups) is desirable for the properRead MoreMilgram s Experiments On Obedience By Ian Parker1030 Words   |  5 PagesMilgram’s Experiments on Obedience† in which she reprimands Milgram for the maltreatment of his subjects (Baumrind 94). Baumrind questions the ethics of Milgram’s experiment, stating that it was his responsibility to protect the subjects from being humiliated or emotionally distressed. She also argues that Milgram’s findings were inconclusive, as the laboratory setting causes subjects to be more prone to behave in an obedient, submissive manner (Baumrind 90). â€Å"Obedience† an article in the 2000 issueRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Changing America Forever Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesto die. The issue with obedience is not totally psychological. The way that society is trying to form life and how it is being developed has a lot to do with it. There was a day when people were able to give a reasonable response to any situation because society would fully absorb what it meant to obey and to disobey. Obedience is an action during which someone obeys with the directions given by a leader or an individual in charge. There is one comparison between obedience and conformity that isRead MoreObedience : Behind The Unethical And Valid True Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesGuadalupe Loza Professor Comstock English -80 28 October, 2014 Obedience: Behind the Unethical and Valid True The action of believing on what is right according to reality and its own self; make obedience part of each individual responsibility, regardless other people behavior. Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist that conducted in the 1960s one of the most famous studies referring on how people obey or disobey to certain authoritarian instructions. The experiment basically consistedRead MoreEthics Of Behavioral Science Research Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagessettings. Most people learn the difference between right and wrong when they are younger, but ethical and moral development occurs throughout life. Some might see ethical norms as common sense, but if that was the case, would we have so many ethical disputes in the world? In this paper, I plan to discuss abuses in human subject research, which occurred in the Milgram Studies, and the responses to similar abuses such as in the Nuremberg Code. By doing so, I hope to shed some light on this controversial

The Theory Of Personality Traits - 1948 Words

The study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as â€Å"a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings’ (Allport, 1961, p. 11). Throughout the existence of this idea, psychologists have attempted to find ways to assess personality, creating different tests and theories, for example the Big Five Model of personality traits. This model, also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM), included five main personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM was developed by Costa and McCrae (1985; 1989; 1992; 1997), who are argued to be the most distinguished psychologists in the area of personality. One of the main criticisms of this model is that it isn’t universal across all cultures and that it is not the right approach to assessing personality among different cultures of the world. Culture is very important in the area of psychology and there have been many definitions of it throughout the centuries. Edward Burnett Tyler (1871/1996), a British anthropologist, is believed to have offered the first definition of culture in his field of study. HeShow MoreRelatedPersonality Traits And Theories Of Personality1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe term personality has been defined several times in different ways throughout the history of psychology. A definition that captures much of what is meant by personality was described as â€Å"more or less stable, internal factors that make one person’s behaviour consistent from one time to another, and different from the behaviour other people would manifest in comparable situations† by Child (1968) (Eysenck, 1994). This defi nition is very broad and it includes personality traits as well as intelligenceRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Personality Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesESSAY TOPIC: Describe the trait theory of personality. Select one â€Å"factor† or â€Å"trait† from a prominent trait theory and discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of someone who strongly exhibits this trait. 1. Introduction Traits are described as the unique and constant characteristic tendencies that shape and influence a person’s mood and behaviour (Ewen 2013, p. 110; Olesen, Thomsen O’Toole 2015, p. 45). Prominent personality psychologists Gordon Allport, authored the first American reviewRead MorePersonality Theories And Trait Theories2232 Words   |  9 PagesThe entire notion of Personality rests upon a number of assumptions: 1) that traits and types exist 2) that traits and types are stable over time 3) that these traits and types are consistent across different situations. At least two of these assumptions are so problematic that they challenge the very existence of Personality. Critically evaluate this statement. Personality, a word first coined in the C14th, has so broad a meaning that its definition varies significantly depending on which theoreticalRead MoreBiological Personality Trait Theory753 Words   |  3 Pageswith a personality. This means that all individuals have their own characteristics, moods, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality is both an individual experience, as each person experiences specific combinations that are unique, and a global experience, as humans often share similar traits (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). As humanity has expanded, so has interest in discovering what causes the developments of specific personality traits. While some have believed that personality is strictlyRead MoreEssay on The Trait Theory of Personality2121 Words   |  9 PagesThe study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniquene ss. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and applicationRead MoreCharacteristics Theories Of Personality Traits907 Words   |  4 Pages Traits perspectives The Five-Factor model is a condensed representation of different types of personalities. The emerging consensus is that the structure of personality may incorporate five superordinate factors (Carver Scheier, 2012). Traits, in general, have been used to denote consistent patterns of behavior, especially expressive or stylistic behavior (John Robins, 2008). Trait psychologists focus on the variety of traits. On the other hand, motive psychologistRead MoreTrait Theory and Brand Personality Framework1679 Words   |  7 Pagesabout Trait Theory and Brand Personality Framework in personality. Details of the two theories will be explained first, along with some real examples of how firms make use of personality traits to strengthen their brands. The shortcomings of the two existing theories will then be analyzed, and some measures developed by recent researchers will be introduced in order to overcome the weaknesses. I chose this topic because I am interested in psychology and p ersonality traits. Many personality testsRead MoreBig Five Theory Of Personality Traits955 Words   |  4 PagesAmong the many established trait theories, the most widely known and used is the Big Five Theory of Personality Traits. It is a five-factor model composed of the broad personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There are a variety of ways to assess one’s broad dimensions of personality in these five categories. One of which is Psych Central’s personality assessment that consists of fifty questions in which there is a statement ofRead MoreGordon Allport : Personality Psychology And Trait Theory718 Words   |  3 PagesNovember 11, 1897, is considered the founder of â€Å"personality psychology† and â€Å"trait theory†. Allport, just like any other psychologist, had his own definition on what personality is. According to Allport, â€Å" no two psychologists could easily agree on one definition of the term ‘personality’† (Kendall, 2010, p. 282), Allport believed that personality could be characterized in two ways, idiographic and nomothetic; while Freud believed that personality is composed by the Id, Ego and Superego. AllportRead MoreDefensive Personality Studied through Personality Psychology Trait Theories755 Words   |  4 PagesA person with a defensive personality may feel as though they are being attacked and to cope with it they need to defend their choice of words and actions when they are dealing with other individuals. My younger sister, Carlee, has a defensive personality. We have the same mother, but different fathers. This caused us to be raised in different situations. She has moved around a lot, going from my dad’s house, to our mom’s house, and to her dad’s house. She did not have a set place where she

Asset Management

Question: Discuss about the Asset Management. Answer: Total labor cost- Date Particulars Cost in dollar ($) 12th January labor cost 300 15th January Labor cost 450 25th January Labor cost 250 TOTAL LABOR COST- 1000 Total cost of parts- Date Particulars Cost in Dollars ($) 11 January Parts 20 8 February Parts 12 TOTAL PARTS COST- 32 Total cost of maintenance- Date Particulars Cost in Dollars ($) 1st January Weekly cleaning 548 8 January Weekly cleaning 590 11 January Invoice cost 150 12 January Invoice cost 450 15 January Invoice cost 600 15 January Weekly cleaning 652 20 January replacement of fan belts 350 22 January weekly cleaning 595 23 January emergency replacement of right side housing 150 24 January Yearly deep cleaning 150 25 January removal of item dropped in vent by guest 250 29th February weekly cleaning 598 7th February weekly cleaning 612 10th February emergency replacement of left side housing 150 8th February replaced all seals to stop leaks 150 15th February Weekly cleaning 660 22nd February Weekly Cleaning 669 Total cost of maintenance 7174 The total cost of maintenance is provide on the above table it provides a clear and precise idea of overall parts of maintenance detail of Air-condition unit for the period of 1st January to 22nd February. There are some significant costs such as weekly clearing costs are consistent other than that there are some emergency replacements such as compressor gas and fan belt are had been carried out. Leakage maintenance cost was also uncertain (Au-Yong, Ali and Ahmad, 2014). The total cost of 7174 dollars can be reduced in upcoming months if the emergency services are not included and weekly clearing change is almost constant with some variation that is very minimal. Furthermore, it can be stated that all the invoices are not checked properly by the cist maintenance department. All through some of the invoice are clearly checked and total maintenance cost is sum of the cost involved such as labor cost, parts cost, downtime cost and other replacements cost (El-Akruti and Dwight, 2013). Asset was unavailable during the period Date Particulars Number of Hours 11 January Fuse replaced 24 hours 23 January emergency replacement of right side housing 24 hours 10 February emergency replacement of left side housing 24 hours Total hours- 72 hours The number of hours the asset was unavailable during the period is illustrated in the above table and this unavailability was only for some emergency work that took place (Fasolo and Seborg, 1995). The total down time is 120 hours. Date Particulars Number of Hours 12th January compressor gas replaced 32 hours 15th January Yearly replacement of all seals on all doors 32 hours 20th January Unplanned replacement of fan belts 48 hours 8th February replaced all seals to stop leaks 12 hours Total Hours- 124 hours The number of hours the asset was unavailable due to unplanned maintenance during the period are shown above and they are the deliverables those took place due to inappropriate maintenance and the total downtime is 148 hours (FIMMM, 2011). Date Particulars Number of Hours 24th January Yearly deep cleaning 24 hours TOTAL HOURS- 24 The above details for the number of hours of were unavailable due to planned maintenance during the period and there was only planned maintenance and the down time is 24 hours. Three key performance indicators that can be used to determine the performance of this asset are as follows- Reliability of equipment- Reliability of the equipment can be measured with the help of mean time between failure, percentage of emergency work and estimated replacement value (ERV) (Galatioto et al., 2013). These factors will help in understanding the reliability and thus better performance measurement can be carried out. Quality and prompt resolution- Quality response is another significant factor that includes schedule compliance and percentage of planned work that will help in better maintenance and performance measurement can be carried out effectively. Maintenance cost and prediction of failure- Percentage overtime, maintenance labor cost and contractor maintenance labor cost should be calculated separately (Koksal and Ozdemir, 2016). On the other hand, the percentage PPM work and percentage schedule compliance will help in better prediction of system failure and effective performance determination will be done. The number of events not checked for quality are- Date Particulars 1st January Weekly cleaning 15 January Yearly replacement of all seals on all doors 29 January Weekly cleaning 7 February Weekly cleaning 15 February Weekly cleaning 22 February Weekly cleaning The above events are not checked for quality and most of them are weekly cleaning process and maybe it is the most significant reason for unplanned or uncertain service occurrence and increasing the complexity level of yearly deep cleaning. There are various risk factors associated with the air conditioning system and primarily health related and they are as follows- Dry skin- If you are going to spend long hour in HVAC system your skin may loss moisture and dryness of skin may occur and for this suitable moisturizers should be used by the individuals. Chronic illness- It increases the symptoms o lower blood resource and it sometimes difficult for pain management in central air conditioning system (Trappey et al., 2015). Breathing problems- If the proper maintenance is not carried out then the micro organism can results in breathing problems and air- bone disease sometimes took place that produces high fever and pneumonia. In unavailable days three process those could be implemented are- Ceiling fans in every roof along with table fans Air cooler may be taken More energy efficient lighting system that will reduce the overall energy omission within the floor. Regular maintenance service and suitable maintenance tools should be used by the team to avoid uncertain failure and better cost management. References Au-Yong, C., Ali, A. and Ahmad, F. (2014). Improving occupants' satisfaction with effective maintenance management of HVAC system in office buildings.Automation in Construction, 43, pp.31-37. El-Akruti, K. and Dwight, R. (2013). A framework for the engineering asset management system.Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 19(4), pp.398-412. Fasolo, P. and Seborg, D. (1995). Monitoring and Fault Detection for an HVAC Control System.HVACR Res., 1(3), pp.177-193. FIMMM, B. (2011). Performance Improvement through an Asset Maintenance Optimisation System.Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(9), pp.1580-1586. Galatioto, A., Pitruzzella, S., Scaccianoce, G. and Milone, D. (2013). Regional Policies for Sustainability in the Mediterranean Countries: The Role of a Proper HVAC System Maintenance in Museums.AMM, 316-317, pp.1147-1151. Koksal, A. and Ozdemir, A. (2016). Improved transformer maintenance plan for reliability centred asset management of power transmission system.IET Generation, Transmission Distribution, 10(8), pp.1976-1983. Trappey, A., Trappey, C., Ma, L. and Chang, J. (2015). Intelligent engineering asset management system for power transformer maintenance decision supports under various operating conditions.Computers Industrial Engineering, 84, pp.3-11.

Voltage and Resistance Essay Example

Voltage and Resistance Essay In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through them. Conductor implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons tightly and are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free and strongly repel each other. Any external influence which moves one of them will cause a repulsion of other electrons which propagates, domino fashion through the conductor. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not. VOLTAGE: This is the pressure the water is under. We can also think of this as the force that we push or pull something with. Effort is another word we can use here. In this example, the force the person uses, which is the voltage, affects the speed at which the car will move (the current). If youve ever had to push a car, you will know how this works! The harder you push, the faster it goes. From this we can see that as Voltage increases, Current increases. That means that the harder you push the electricity through the circuit, the faster it goes and the more of it you can move at any one time. Lets put that into physics-speak: as Voltage increases, Current increases. We will write a custom essay sample on Voltage and Resistance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Voltage and Resistance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Voltage and Resistance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RESISTANCE: This can be seen as blockages in the water pipe. It can also be seen as friction which acts to slow down a moving object Another take on the above example is that of pushing a light car compared to pushing a bus. The heavier car takes a heck of a lot more effort to move than the light one. Have a look: The weight of the cars is like resistance in electric circuits; it makes it harder to move. The more weight, the more pressure you need to make the car move. In other words, as resistance increases, you need to increase voltage to keep the same current.

Gay Marriage and Parenting

Alternative Sources of Energy as a Replacement of Oil

Alternative Sources of Energy as a Replacement of Oil Alternative Sources of Energy as a Replacement of Oil Modern society depends on electricity, which is the main type of available energy. Most of the electricity is generated using nonrenewable resources. Accessible oil and gas reserves are slightly higher than their current annual extraction. However, when comparing the figures related to the assessment of known reserves of most available fuels with the numbers of their current consumption, humanity can estimate the maximum time, for which these reserves may be sufficient. For oil, time is 65 years; for gas, it is 44 years; for coal, it is 320 years. In order to solve the energy problems by technical means, specialists offer two contrasting scenarios: the development of new techniques of energy production and the development of technology for energy efficiency. Thus, the development of new techniques of energy production using alternative sources of energy and the ability to replace oil and gas by them should be considered. Solar Energy Today, for the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy, people have two possibilities: to use solar energy as a heat source to generate electricity by conventional means (for instance, using turbo) or directly convert solar energy into electricity in solar cells. The implementation of both options is still undeveloped. Solar energy is used for melting substances, heating, distillation of water, as well as heating after concentration by mirrors. As solar energy is distributed over a large area (in other words, has a low density), any system for the direct use of solar energy should have a collecting device (collector) with a sufficient surface. The simplest device of this kind is the flat-plate collector, a black stove, well insulated from the bottom. It is covered with glass or plastic that transmits light, but does not allow the infrared heat radiation. In the space, between the plate and black glass tube, through which water, oil, mercury, air, sulfur dioxide flow, are placed. Solar radiation penetrating through glass or plastic in the collector pipe is absorbed by the black stove and heat the working medium in the tubes. Thermal radiation cannot escape from the reservoir; therefore, the temperature in it is much higher (200-500 C pa) than the ambient air temperature. This reflects the so-called greenhouse effect. Ordinary garden greenhouses, in fact, are simple solar collectors. However, the farther away the equipment is from the tropics, the less effective the horizontal collector is, since turning it after the sun is too difficult and expensive. Therefore, these collectors are usually set at a certain optimum angle to the south. More difficult and expensive collector is a concave mirror, which focuses the incident radiation in a small volume around a certain geometric point - focus. The reflective surface of the mirror is made of metallized plastic or made up of many small plane mirrors attached to a large parabolic base. Due to the special mechanisms, this type of collector is constantly turned to the sun; thus, it can collect the largest possible amount of solar radiation. The temperature in the working space of mirror reaches 3000 C (Orloff, 2008). Arguments against the Use of Solar Energy Solar energy refers to the type of energy, which consumes a lot of material resources for production. Large-scale use of solar energy results in a substantial increase of demand of materials and, consequently, the labor force for the production of raw materials, enrichment, obtaining materials, manufacturing heliostats, collectors, other equipment, transportation. Calculations show that the production of 1 MWh of electricity per year would cost between 10 000 and 40 000 hours of human labor, comparing with the figure 200-500 000 hours in traditional energy sphere. Electricity produced by of the solar rays is much more expensive than the energy obtained by conventional methods. Biofuels Bioethanol is, in fact, a normal ethanol, which is produced by hydrolysis or fermentation of sugar-containing plants or straw and husks with subsequent distillation or purification. Biodiesel is a type of biofuel on the basis of vegetable or animal fats (oils), as well as the products of esterification, which are used in pure form or as various blends with diesel fuel. Any type of vegetable oil can be used for the production of biodiesel, but, as a rule, for these purposes specific oils are used such as canola (84%), sunflower (13%) and soybean (2%) oils. The main advantages of biodiesel are: Renewable energy sources; Preservation of natural resources; Can be used in conventional, unmodified diesel engines; Storage conditions are similar to conventional diesel fuel; The possibility of extending the life of diesel engines is higher than of fuel oil; The production and use of biodiesel have about 80% less carbon dioxide emissions, and almost 100% - sulfur dioxide (reducing pollution) (Brown, 2007). Moreover, the use of 5% bioethanol results in reduced carbon emissions by 3.5% and E85 (85% alcohol fuel) by 50%. In the biofuels, the presence of 15% ethanol reduces CO2 in the exhaust gas by 25%, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides - by 5-15%. In addition to the environmental benefits, the use of biofuels makes a considerable commercial value; General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler created hundreds of thousands vehicles, operating on a conventional gasoline, as well as on a gasoline mixed with ethanol. Oil companies are also looking for an alternative and increasingly conceive projects for the production of biofuels. Thus, this year known oil company Shell will produce ethanol with Brazil's Cosan, the largest exporter of sugar cane, and will invest in the project hundreds of millions of dollars (Brown, 2007). Wind Energy Resources of wind energy are more than a hundred times higher than the water energy of all the rivers of the world. Total wind energy potential of the Earth is 1200 TW. The average wind speed at a height of 20-30 m above the surface of the Earth should be large enough that the power of the air flow, passing through the properly oriented vertical section, reaches a value that is acceptable for conversion. Wind power stations are built mostly DC. Fantail drives the dynamo-electric generator, which also charges the parallel connected batteries. The battery pack is automatically connected to the generator at a time, when the voltage at its output terminals is greater than on the battery terminals and is also automatically turned off. Theoretically, coefficient of the efficiency of energy use of the air flow can be equal to 59.3%. In practice, the maximum coefficient of beneficial use of wind energy in the real wind turbine is about 50%. In addition, some of the energy of the air flow is lost in the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy, which is carried out with an efficiency of typically 75-95%. Taking into account all these factors, the specific electric power supplied by real wind power units, apparently, is 30-40% of the capacity of the air flow (Melis, 2001). The most crucial argument against this type of alternative energy is the high cost of a wind machine. Geothermal Energy Energy land or geothermal energy is based on the use of the natural heat of the earth. The upper part of the earth's crust is the thermal gradient, equal to 20-30 C per 1 km depth, and, according to White (1965), the amount of heat contained in the earth's crust to a depth of 10 km (excluding the surface temperature), is about 12,6*10 26 J. These resources are equivalent to the heat content of 4,6 1016 tons of coal, which is more than 70 thousand times greater than the heat content of technically and economically recoverable coal resources of the world. For electricity production in the fields of hot water, a method based on the use of the vapor formed by evaporation of hot liquid on the surface is used. This method uses the phenomenon that when the hot water under high pressure in wells goes from the pool to the surface, its pressure falls, and about 20% of the liquid boils and turns to steam. This vapor is separated from the water and sent to the turbine. Water coming out of the separator can be subjected to further processing, depending on its mineral composition. This water can be pumped back into the rocks at once, or if it is economically justified, with a preliminary extraction of its minerals (Orloff, 2008). Arguments against the Use of Geothermal Energy High prime cost, high cost of facilities for producing energy from geysers are the principal arguments against this type of alternative energy. Furthermore, obtaining geothermal energy directly from magma is not technically feasible. However, geothermal heat in the upper part of the crust (to a depth of 10 km) is too scattered to solve world's energy problems. Resources suitable for industrial use are separate fields of geothermal energy, focusing on accessible depth. They have a certain amount of heat, sufficient for their use for the production of electricity or heat. Technologies, needed to use energy of the hot dry rock, just begin to develop. Ocean Thermal Energy Last decade is characterized by certain success in the use of ocean thermal energy. Thus, stations for mini-OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) are created. For the first time in the history of technology, mini-OTEC system could give the external load utility power, at the same time covering its own needs. Experience gained in the operation of mini-OTEC, will faster enable to build a more powerful OTEC-1 and begin to design more powerful systems of this type. Arguments against are the technological complexity of implementing and high cost of the construction of such a facility (Horton, 2008). The Energy of the Tides For centuries, people have speculated on the cause of tides. Today, it is reliably known that this powerful natural phenomenon, a rhythmic movement of sea water, is caused by gravity of the Moon and the Sun. The maximum possible power from one tide to another can be expressed by the equation W=p*g*S*R2,where p is the density of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, S is the area of the Tidal Basin, R is the difference in level at high tide. As it can be seen from the formula for tidal energy, some places are the most suitable on the coast, where the tides have large amplitude, while contour and coastal features can make a big closed "basins". Capacity of plants in some areas can reach 2-20 MW. First maritime tidal power station with capacity of 635 kW was built in 1913 in the Bay of Dee near Liverpool. In 1935, the building of a tidal power plant in the U.S. was begun. Americans dammed part of Passamakvodi Bay on the East Coast, spent $ 7 million, but the work was stopped. Argentine experts offered to use substantially high tidal waves in the Strait of Magellan, but the government did not approve the expensive project. Since 1967, at the mouth of the Rance River in France, at high tide of 13 meters, a tidal power station with the capacity of 240 thousand kW with an annual return 540 thousand kW has been working. Soviet engineer Bernstein developed a convenient way of blocks building on TPS, hauled afloat to the right places, and calculated the cost-effective procedure for the inclusion of TPS in the grid in the hours of their peak load by consumers (Horton, 2008). Arguments against this kind of alternative energy are inconvenience for the construction due to the lack of conditions (mismatch in seabed, etc.) and high cost of installation. The Energy of Sea Currents Inexhaustible supplies of the kinetic energy of ocean currents, accumulated in the oceans and seas, can be converted into the mechanical energy and electricity using turbines, immersed in water (like windmills, "immersed" in the atmosphere). One of the projects of waves using is based on the principle of an oscillating water column. In the gigantic "boxes" without a bottom and with holes at the top, water level rises and falls down under the influence of waves. The water column in the box acts like a piston: sucks air and forces it into the turbine blades. Currently, in some countries, and especially in England, an intensive work in terms of using of waves energy is being carried out. The British Isles have a very long coastline; in many places, the sea is stormy for a long time. Scientists estimate that 120 GW can be obtained up by the energy of the waves of the British territorial waters, which is twice more than the capacity of all power plants owned by the British Central Electri city Authority. Argument against this type of alternative energy is its low efficiency. One can expect to use only about 10% of the energy flow. There are also the technical difficulties of tools development: harmonization of inertia of turbine wheels with the amount of air in ducts in such a way that inertia keeps constant speed of turbine shafts in a wide range of conditions on the sea surface. Different types of alternative energy sources, their description "for" and arguments "against" their replacement of oil were considered. Nonetheless, it is also necessary to consider the reality (Zehner, 2012). The thing is that the current global financial system is totally dependent on the ever-increasing supply of oil and natural gas. Global financial and economic systems are built on the aspiration of the sustainable economic "growth". This growth of economic activity increases the amount of spent energy. At the moment, the global economy is able to perceive only fossil fuels (primarily oil and natural gas) as the form of energy, reserves of which are rapidly running out. A barrel of oil contains the energy equivalent of almost 25 thousand hours of human labor. Moreover, just one gallon of gasoline is the equivalent of 200-500 hours of human labor. Almost all of the work done in the world economy, such as all manufacturing, construction and transport, is done with energy, which is derived from fuel. In 2012, the production of one calorie of food, consumed in the United States, required ten calories of fossil fuel. 20% of the use of fuel resources in the U.S. is in the food chain, which means that their consumption of the food industry can compete with cars. Modern medicine, water and maintenance of the army are entirely based on oil and its chemical derivatives. In the U.S., the infrastructure of Internet supporting takes 10% of the produced energy. The dynamics of oil production is described by a Gaussian curve. An ever-increasing abundance of oil is on the upward slope of the curve; its increasing scarcity and high cost are on the downward. Conclusion Summarizing the above, alternative energy sources are a great option for development. However, the reality is that any source of alternative energy is able to cover the world's energy needs as it is 31 billion barrels a year, and it continues to grow. No source of alternative energy can produce energy without the cost of oil and gas for its production. None of them is cheap enough, clean (do not pollute the environment) and available in quantities of at least close to the immense volume of everyday consumption of oil and natural gas in the world. Discovering and extracting raw materials, such as silver, copper, platinum, uranium, which is necessary for the construction of solar panels and wind turbines, requires a huge amount of oil and other scarce resources. Oil is also needed for the development of alternative energy installations, distribution, support and their adaptation to the currently existing infrastructure. The reality is that it is preferred to invest world financial capi tal in military technology instead of investments in alternative energy sources, foreseeing future energy conflicts, namely the war for the remaining resources. The current system of market economy, the main purpose of which is to make more money and use more energy, will not allow the implementation of alternative energy sources, until reserves of oil and gas will end. As the exhaustion of oil and gas in the world's current economic model is inevitable, reserves of other forms of energy are not enough for a full-scale commercial operation, humanity is constrained to await for several depressive decades as long as the energy deficit will not be filled, and the world economic system will not be radically restructured.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Human Resource Management - Essay Example It was only the people who could lead an organization in the right direction and could individually and collectively contribute to achievement of the business objectives (Armstrong, 1992) At present Human Resource management is a fast evolving field that has emerged as one of the focal points of any business. It is Human resource management that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce. Many people have the perception that only job of the human resource management department is to consider present or upcoming job vacancies and fill them with suitable staff. Well, that’s not entirely untrue but human resource management entails much more than hiring firing decisions. (Armstrong, 1992) HRM includes many different functions which contribute to organizational value in a variety of ways. Some of these functions also contribute by reducing risk. In this essay we will firstly examine the major HR functions and then consider the extent to which these functions add value and reduce risk. (Armstrong, 1992) It is important to understand that the role of HRM as a department varies from organization to organization and also between countries. For the sake of simplicity we will assume an organization where there is a significant HR department. Generally the department will be considered to have the following responsibilities: Resource Management refers to the recruitment and selection of employees within an organization. The importance of effective recruitment programs cannot be highlighted enough. The HR department is the entry point or the funnel which channels the most valuable resource of an organization, so it is important that it is aware of organizational needs and requirements and work in tandem with other departments. Therefore resource management remains to be HR departments’ key roles; newer concepts such as knowledge management are linked to Resource management as well. One important