Switch boards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Switch boards - Essay Example Just from the beginning of switching systems, a large number of the transformations have been done in the switching technologies. In this regard this paper is going to analyze and evaluate the old strowger switches and mechanical cross-bar switches based on circuit switching technologies with some modern network switches. In this report I would like to provide a technological overview of these technologies and a brief comparison of these technology systems. The basic use of the telecommunication networks is to carry data and information signals among different entities which are located geographically. In this situation we can say that an entity can be a resource like a human being, a computer, a Tele-printer, a duplicate machine, a communication data workstation and so on. These communication entities are linked with the overall working and process of the transferring information which can be in the form of a file transfer between two systems, or telephone chat (a call) or message transmission between two workstations etc. In this present age of technology, the communication is perceived as a symbol of the new age of technology. In this scenario the introduction of this communication technology has started from the development of the telephone systems (Farahmand & Zhang, 2007). However, due to considerable increase in the number of users and less number line availability, a need was experienced to develop some switching system which c an be used for the switching purposes among line to facilitate large number of individuals with small number of available communication lines. Today the technology has gained an extensive limit of advancements but some of the communication restrictions still exist. One of the key issues in these limitations is the highest availability of the communication line. In an attempt to tackle this problem, the technique of the switching was formulated,

Trespassing In Cyberspace Essay Example for Free

Trespassing In Cyberspace Essay Introduction This paper will focus on one of the most contentious issues in cyberlaw, such as trespassing in cyberspace. While the issue of trespass as a sort of offense against a person or against property is carefully regulated in the majority of jurisdiction, the question whether trespass as a phenomenon can actually exist in cyberspace is a subject of heated debate. Thus, in-depth analysis of this question will help to understand its significance in the broader context of cyberlaw. Definition Under common law, trespass happens when a person intermeddles or performs unauthorized of another person’s property (Quilter, 2002). Pending the consensus among scholars concerning a clear-cut definition of trespass in cyberspace, courts and researchers often have to apply reasoning by analogy to analyze such cyberlaw cases: ‘The concept of trespass in cyberspace depends heavily on a conception of a web site or mail server as ‘property’ from which, like land, the owner ought to have the right to exclude others’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.928). One of the concepts that is most widely applied to cyberspace trespass cases is the concept of trespass to chattels, chattels being is defined as tangible property (not to be confused with real property and intellectual property). Trespass to chattels is a tort action under certain circumstances: ‘The tort of trespass to chattels traditionally requires proof not just that the defendant ‘intermeddled’ with a chattel, but that the defendants use actually caused injury to the chattel or injured the owner by depriving it of the benefit of using the chattel’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.923) However, the latter thesis is a contentious one, and further discussion of this issue will happen in the ‘Notable Cases’ section. The scholars argued that there are many concepts than need careful legal reconsiderations in the Information Age before any analogies with real property or chattels can be brought into the discussions. These concepts include, but not limited to, the notion of Intent, Entry, Property, and Permission (Adida et. al., 1998). Yet the idea of applying the doctrine of trespass to chattels to cyberspace turned out to be surprisingly appealing to judges: ‘Notwithstanding scholars’ early suggestions of its inappropriateness, courts have rushed to resurrect the late, largely unlamented, tort of trespass to chattels, and apply it to the new cyberspace arena’ (Cranor Wildman, 2003, p.13). At present, most scholars agree that the doctrine can be applied to such issues as spam and spidering when actual orb potential harm has been caused to a plaintiff. Legal Basis The foundational document that governs electronic transactions is Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984 (CFAA). Computer Fraud and Abuse Act such issues with data integrity as in the situation when an offender breaks authorization rules instituted by an organization with a view to gaining access to protected information, such as information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer. It also established penalties for acts or attempts to encroach on secret governmental information. However, the applicability of this Act can be made possible by proving that data and information resources can be regarded as chattels. Nowadays, it is an accepted fact in the legal practice, which was established by a series of legal precedents. Notable Cases In Thrifty-Tel v. Bezenek, it was established that electronic signals can be regarded as property due to the fact they are physical and tangible in nature. The analogy used in the case was the comparison of electronic signals to real property not chattels. Trespass to chattels first appeared in the case CompuServe v. CyberPromotions, which was a span case (Quilter, 2002). In United States v. Seidlitz, confidential software was illegally obtained by an employee by tapping into the work session of a previous worker. In this case, federal law was applied only because of an accompanying circumstance. Several  telephone calls the employee made to accomplish his aim were made across state lines.  Otherwise this employee would have had to be prosecuted under one state’s wire fraud legislation (Adida et. al., 1998). In United States v. Langevin, ex-worker of the Federal Reserve Board committed a similar offence. Being a financial analyst at the time when the offence was perpetrated, he tried to access the file containing protected data on money supply. Again, the applicability of federal legislation was made possible solely because of telephone calls made in the manner similar to the previous case (Adida et. al., 1998).    Another notable case, Intel v. Hamidi, was won by the defendant as the California Supreme Court ruled that Ken Hamidi did not commit an act of trespassing Intel’s computers by sending messages to its employees. After being fired from Intel in 1995, Ken Hamidi sent six emails to thousands of Intel’s employees with bitter criticism of the company’s policies and employee treatment. These messages did not result in physical damage on the company’s computer systems or failure of its networks or computer services. However, Intel decided to press charges against Mr.Hamidi accusing him of trespass. Intel claimed that workers were distracted and distressed as a result of disappointing emails, which further led to loss of productivity: ‘Intels position represents a further extension of the trespass to chattels tort, fictionally recharacterizing the allegedly injurious effect of a communications contents on recipients as an impairment to the device which transmitted the message’ (Epstein, 2004, p.15). Yet the court sided with the defendant on the grounds that no actual harm has been caused to Intel’s computer system: ‘The California courts have rejected trespass to chattels claims in the absence of evidence of actual harm to the chattel in question the computer server†¦ because the trespass to chattels tort†¦may not, in California, be proved without evidence of an injury to the plaintiffs personal property or legal interest therein.’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, pp.925-926). The significance of this case lies not only in the perceived victory for those who endorse cyberspace rights and fair labor relations. The case established a standard for legal reasoning in the cases of the like nature: ‘The decision noted that calling distressing content of a message a ‘trespass’ on the computer was as wrong as claiming that ‘the personal distress caused by reading an unpleasant letter would be an injury to the recipients mailbox, or the loss of privacy caused by an intrusive telephone call would be an injury to the recipients telephone equipment’’ (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2003, para.3). The case eBay, Inc. v. Bidders Edge, Inc. is important for the discussion because it expanded the concept of trespass to chattels to spidering. Spidering is widely used by search engines to track information on Web serves. Bidder’s Edge was an auction aggregator that collected information from different auction sites, put it together in its own data bank, and then offered the information on demand as a to consumers looking for a certain item. eBay pressed charges against this company on the basis of trespass to chattels because of the company’s spider activity. The evidence of real harm resulting from Bidder’s Edge’s spidering was not allowed in the court, but the presence of potential harm was sufficient to rule that Bidder’s Edge was trespassing eBay’s information resources (Quilter, 2002). Other cases decided on the same grounds as are TicketMaster v. Tickets.com92 and Register.com v. Verio (Quilter, 2002). Impact While there is little discussion as to the benefits of application of trespass theory to spam emails, the issue is not that clear when it comes to spidering. It is widely believed that all the recent cases concerning trespass in cyberspace had far-reaching implications. Some scholars believe that the application of trespass to chattels doctrine to spidering may be detrimental to the development of e-commerce services: ‘While the promise of ecommerce is to improve consumer information and lower transaction costs, under a trespass theory many of those benefits will disappear’ (Merges, Menell Lemley, 2006, p.924). From the customer’s perspective, eBay’s victory was hardly beneficial for those seeking quality service: ‘AuctionWatch [a website run by Bidder’s Edge] was a better product for consumers than eBay, since it covered more auctions. However, eBay succeeded in shutting it down using the trespass to chattels tort. Any type of innovative aggregation product is subject to the same problem’ (Cranor Wildman, 2003, p.21). However, arguing against the doctrine of trespass in cyberspace from the position of customer’s satisfaction is not the most effective stance. In any legal case, there is a variety of stakeholders involved. The purpose of legal settling is to satisfy the demands of a plaintiff (if they have reasonable grounds) on the basis of existing laws and regulations. Companies operating in cyberspace merit protection just like customers do. Conclusion Despite the ongoing debate on the applicability of the concept of trespass to cyberspace offences, legal practice has already legitimized the relevance of certain common law doctrines (i.e. trespass to chattels) to such cases. Following the analogy with trespass to property such as land or personal possessions, courts have decided a series of exemplary cases based on the reasoning that electronic signals are physical and tangible enough to be regarded as property. References Cranor, Lorrie F., Steven S. Wildman. Rethinking Rights and Regulations: Institutional Responses to New Communications Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. Epstein, Richard A. Cases and Materials on Torts, 8th ed. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, 2004. Merges, Robert P., Menell, Peter S., Mark A. Lemley. Intellectual Property in the Technological Age, 4th ed. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, 2006. Adida, Benjamin, Chang, Enoch, Fletcher, Lauren B., Hong, Michelle, Sandon, Lydia, Page, Kristina. ‘The Future of Trespass and Property in Cyberspace.’ 10 December 1998. June 19, 2007. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/courses/ltac98/final.html Electronic Frontier Foundation. ‘California Supreme Court Sides With Email Pamphleteer: Intel v. Hamidi Decision Protects Internet Speech.’ June 30, 2003. June 19, 2007. http://www.eff.org/spam/Intel_v_Hamidi/20030630_eff_hamidi_pr.php Quilter, Laura. The Continuing Evolution of Cyberspace Trespass to Chattels. 2002. June 19, 2007. www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/pubs/annrev/exmplrs/final/lqfin.pdf

Platonic Justice Essay -- Papers Essays Philosophy Plato

Platonic Justice Throughout Platos Republic, the subject of platonic justice and its goodness to its self arise and are discussed amongst Plato and his peers. At the beginning of The Republic, Plato asks the fundamental question of what is justice? Looking to define the ideal state of justice, Plato reasons that he must first define justice in theory before he can use justice practically. Platonic Justice is defined as being a harmony between the tripartite soul in which reasons guide the spirit and appetite. Justice is said to be good in itself and good in its practical ends. It is educating desires, implementing the human faculty of reason. Justice is not the interest of the stronger, but more the interest of the weaker. An unjust life, which is dominated by the spirit, leads one to an addiction for material goods or possessions. A platonically just life leads to harmony, balance, and virtue. A just life in this case allows attainment of satisfaction where as an unjust life does not. The truly unj ust ultimately destroy themselves, whereas the truly just preserve themselves. Wether or not Platonic Justice is good for its own sake is to be determined. After Plato debates and dismisses that justice is the interest of the stronger and that the unjust life has an advantage to the just life, Plato, lacking a firm answer on justice seems to say that justice is a balance of the soul. As Plato is debating this question Thrasymachus joins in and presents the first possible definition of justice as the interest of the stronger, that might is right. Socrates enters the conversation and attempts to define justice. Socrates says that subjects obey their rulers and these rulers are not perfect, they sometimes make mistakes. If justi... ...an animal the spirited man moves from one satiation to the next. However, a life dominated by reason, in which reason balances the spirited and appetitive natures to harmony, results in a good life. Thus the just person will have the appetitive, spirited, and reasoning aspects of the soul in harmony, with reason to guide and director of the passions and appetite. Lacking a concrete definition, justice would be the balance of the tripartite soul, with reason in control. Justice is a harmony between the tripartite soul in which reason guides the spirit and appetite. Justice is good in itself and good in its practical ends. Justice is educating desires, implementing the human faculty of reason. A just life leads to harmony, balance, and virtue. This is to what Plato ponders throughout the opening of The Republic and considers the great question amongst his peers.

The Shrouded Woman by Maria Luisa Bombal

 «Bombal – with her bold disregard for simple realism in favor of a heightened reality in which the external world reflects the internal truth of the characters' feeling, and with her deliberate mingling of fantasy, memory and event – is the precursor of the magical realism that is the flower of South American writing today. . . .Her novels awake a feeling of genuine discovery, of minds and hearts not borrowed from European literature but indigenous to a New World of thought and feeling » – Chicago Tribune.Marà ­a Luisa Bombal (Vià ±a del Mar, 6 July 1910 – 6 May 1980) was a Chilean authoress.   Her work now comes into a notice by themes of eroticism, surrealism and proto-feminism, and she towers over a small number of Latin American female authors whose works became famous. Bombal was one of the first Spanish American novelists to break away from the realist tradition in fiction and to write in a highly individual and personal style, stressing irr ational and subconscious themes (Delbanco 26). «The Shrouded Woman », as well as other works is full of drama. In this work an authoress spares attention to such themes, as feminism and the life after death. A short story is filled with senses and experiencing. She incorporated the secret inner world of her women protagonists into the mainstream of her novel. She added so much additional explanatory material to this novel. According to Women Writers of Spanish America: «One of the most outstand representatives of the avant-garde in Latin America. Her themes of erotic frustration, social marginality, and cosmic transcendence must be  considered as a profound expression of women's predicament presented through a feminine perspective »In her novel the reader sees almost everything through the eyes or sensations of the protagonist, who feels things deeply. The story line is relegated to a lesser role. Poetry seems to flow from this crystalline prose, and Bombal uses repeated s ymbolic images (such as mist, rain, and wind) with good effect and in an elegant simple style. A reader always knows what the author wants to say.In respect of this title: the shrouded woman, a corpse which is looking on her life as she regards the people at her coffin.A dead woman estimates the visitors who come to view her body. There is a number of intense. It is highly original short story. Bombal's novels were published in English in 1947 and 1948 but were altered significantly by the author to make them more commercially acceptable here (Delbanco 37). «The Shrouded Woman » examines female experience with stories of women who escape lonely, boring, and unfulfilled existences through fantasy and invented situations.In her novel Marà ­a Luisa Bombal masterly compares the unknown and supernatural kingdom of Death with concrete reality and real outward things. At the beginning of the novel, Ana Marà ­a lies dead and is surrounded by those who once had a relationship with her. Although she is dead, Ana Marà ­a can still hear and see those who are mourning her. At the same time, while she lies in her coffin, the protagonist is led into the past as she recalls events significant to her life, and she enters the supernatural space of Death inhabited by mystic voices and uncanny landscapes. She relives her love affairs and family relationships with a final clarity and futile wisdom.In this evocative novel, a blend of mystical elements, new style of righting, and social criticism opens eyes on the fully artificially useless lives of upper-class women of the earlier twentieth century.A passionate woman and mother of three children, Ana Maria finds that in death her perceptions are amplified; her emotions are fully realized. Her early beauty returns, and she see herself as pale, slender, and corrugated by time. In life she was imaginative, sensitive, intense, and facetious. She travels through the past and experiences her adolescent love for Ricardo (Delbanco 2 6).Ana Maria is in oblivion between life and death, and although she is dead to our world, she it possesses qualities of living man still. She lies on her deathbed and she remembers the whole life. She recalls each of the people who come close to her. Her unhappy life doesn’t allow her to die and rest peacefully. She must to release her anger and sadness in this world. She may die in peace and rest in the eternity only through her memories and seeing people at her deathbed.This novel shows all her suffering. The narrator is Ana Maria herself, but in some parts of the novel the narration is from another person. So we have no main teller. It suggests us an idea that position of Ana Maria is halved. From one side, her body, even dead, is present in the world of living. From another side, her soul in mystical way appears in the world of imprints of her own emotions. She feels such emotions as love and fear   (Delbanco 26).This work has been seen by some commentators as a rather early example of Latin American feminist writing, pointing to the concerns of various contemporary women authors. And undeniably there is a social dimension to fiction of, Marà ­a Luisa Bombal dealing as it sooften does with family relationships and with women existing in a society dominated by the worst type of macho males – boorish, insensitive, indifferent or simply cruel. But read solely on a social level, her work seems somewhat simplistic and repetitious. One misses the elements that make her fiction distinctive – the terse yet poetical prose, the dreamlike quality of the worlds she creates, the frequent use of natural elements to evoke interior moods. It is certainly these features of her work, rather than its feminist thrust that have attracted Jorge Luis Borges, who contributes to this volume perhaps one of the shortest prefaces on record.  Ã‚ «As night was beginning to fall, slowly her eyes opened. Oh, a little, just a little, it was as if, hidden behind her long lashes, she was trying to see. And in the glow of the tall candles, those who were keeping watch leaned forward to observe the clarity and transparency in that narrow fringe of pupil death had failed to slim. With wonder and reverence, they leaned forward, tin- aware that she could see them, for she was seeing, she was feeling . . .  » (Bombal, 1948).Marà ­a Luisa Bombal writes the monologue of the shrouded corpse of a woman who looks back on her restricted life in La amortajada. An excerpt: â€Å"Why does the nature of woman have to be such that she always has a man as the pivot of her life?† (Delbanco 40).Perhaps, the point is that her life does rise, all too short-lively and lamely, above the germinal; that the narrator is interrelating above all by her sister-in-law Regina, for whom she â€Å"feels envious of her suffering, her tragic love affair, envying even the possibility of her death†. By choosing to envy a melodramatic narrative of bourgeois adult ery, rather than dwelling in her elemental pool, the narrator never achieves the true oblivion of Bombal's â€Å"shrouded woman,† never accedes to the immanence that Deleuze describes as a moment that is only of a life playing with death. There are many accidents of internal and external life inour way to death. It is very important to give way to an impersonal of our emotions during the whole life. Every event in our life is subjective or objective (Delbanco 30).The â€Å"Shrouded woman† is placed better than the narrator of â€Å"The Final Mist.† She at least has children, and servants and retainers; she also has a personal history, youthful excesses to recall and relate; and she finds a strange power as she lies in her coffin, her dead form the object of attention, remorse, and regret, while she awaits â€Å"the death of the dead† that follows â€Å"the death of the living†. «The Shrouded Woman » is a story of frustrated desire, of languor a nd ennui, of a life that is no more than germinal, that never rises above the habitual except in the narrator's brief fantasy, cruelly dashed by the reality principle (Delbanco 30). «The Shrouded Woman » is the emergence of feminism in Latin American literature. With the keen interest in the feminist movement in later years, her works were read and commented on more widely. In  «The Shrouded Woman » Bombal's social position is luminal at best. She is in limbo.Some parts of the novel don’t bring an inspiration, but some of them are excellent. It enforces you to brood on over what happens after death. The novella,  «The Shrouded Woman » is an extraordinary work. It consists of small chapters. It is the story of a woman who finds herself newly dead. We can hear this story from the point of view of the main hero herself. All the members of her life bring their particle of ability to die. Her family brought some love and the sense of fault. Friends brought to her a par ticle of friendship. Her lovers brought to her happy and sadness. All of them stand by her deathbed and bring their pieces of her life with them.Works cited:1. Bombal, Maria-Luisa. The Shrouded Woman. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 19482. Delbanco, Steven. Bombal: Her Life and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005

The inadequacy of motivation Essay

Sixth, there are some individuals who are more successful than others because of their sicknesses and the discrimination that goes along with it. For example, there may be students who suffer from HIV/AIDS and they tend to drop out of school because of discrimination (Cape.. , 2006). Other students may feel and believe that they might catch the same virus if somebody carries it around the school, this consequently scares these students and will surely discriminate the student suffering from HIV/AIDS (Cape.., 2006). Of course the latter will feel alone and discriminated and will force himself or herself to just forget about his or her dreams and drop out of school instead (Cape.. , 2006). Comparing to students who do not carry any medical condition, they are more successful in college than those who are sick. Seventh is labeled as â€Å"the inadequacy of balance between analytical, creative, as well as, critical thinking† (Smith, 1923). A college student should learn the skills of thinking analytically, creatively and critically to be able to survive through the courses needed to be accomplished to finish college, for without the aforementioned skills, it would be fairly difficult to pass college courses, much less finish a degree (Smith, 1923). For some students who are not analytical, creative and critical thinkers, they are less successful as compared with those who are. Last but not least has something to do with the culture of the learner’s environment: The first one that belongs to this category is technically referred to as â€Å"the inadequacy of motivation† (Smith, 1923). The trick here is to know the reason for studying. The student should know what his or her goals and objectives are, otherwise, when difficulties emerge, the student will have no motivation or reason to move on (Smith, 1923). The second is known as â€Å"the attitude of giving up easily† (Smith, 1923). Everybody knows that it takes dedication, time, effort, patience, and a lot of mental energy to digest a new learning that if a student is bound to easily give up and get bored over repetition of things then most likely he will end up leaving college without graduating (Smith, 1923). Some students in college are more successful depending on their motivation and attitude. References Cape Gateway. (2006). Social Issues Affecting School. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http://www.focusas.com/BehavioralDisorders.html

Explain why the League of Nati essays

Explain why the League of Nati essays Explain why the League of Nations failed in the 1930s [6] Its membership never embraced all the great nations. It had no moral determination. It dared not offend the Great Powers. It had positive means of enforcing its decisions. It was not universally trusted. It did not attempt to make a stand until it was too late. The concept of the League of Nations could only succeed if all great Nations were members. Although the membership of the League steadily increased this was never the case. The U.S. never joined the League; Germany was not accepted as a member until 1926 and withdrew in 1934, Russia was initially very hostile to the League and did not join until 1934, and Japan withdrew in 1933. The League showed in its early days that it was not always willing to take a stand over a matter of principle. For example; Italy and Corfu: An Italian General was murdered in 1923 while arranging a new border between Greece and Albania. The Italians blamed the Greeks (although Albanians might have not bee responsible), sent them an unacceptable ultimatum and then invaded the island of Corfu. The League persuaded the Greeks to pay 50 million lire into a Swiss bank while mediation took place. Meanwhile the Conference of Ambassadors of the victorious powers decided that Italy should be appeased and ordered the 50 million lire to be paid to Mussolini as compensation. The result shows that the League was prepared to allow its decisions to be overruled by the Great Powers and that it would permit a big nation to bully a small one. Machine parts were found to contain machine guns. Somebody was re-arming Hungary contrary to the Versailles settlement. Then the League went to investigate it found that the Hungarians had broken up the guns. However, as the train carrying the weapons had started its journey in Italy, it seemed likely that Mussolini was responsible. When the League debated the matter it mildly rebuked the Hungar...

Research Example

Research Example Research – Coursework Example Health sciences and medicine, research [Insert al Affiliation] In chapter Blessing and Gorister offer a candid and comprehensive elucidation of research. While many healthcare professions might consider research to be a mysterious process which is difficult to comprehend and conduct, from the authors’ perspective, research has determined virtually everything that is currently practiced and the much advancement in healthcare that shall be practiced in future. The complex methods of research should not be an impediment to healthcare professionals since through research their inquisitiveness can be fulfilled and their mysteries unraveled. While there are many types of research including experimental, laboratory, applied, clinical, descriptive and pure research, the initial step towards conducting an efficacious research is the formulation of a clear and precise research question and choosing the research design that best suits the prevailing scenario. Rather than shunning it, eve ry healthcare provider needs to embrace research since it is the only way of improving the quality and value of healthcare. Chapter 2 explicates the importance of research in various healthcare sections and the challenges threatening its existence and significance. Research in clinical science laboratories provides data and information that is reliable and reproducible hence enabling healthcare professionals to make important clinical decisions. Similarly, it is through research that occupational therapy (OT) determines whether the services provided to clients are beneficial (Blessing the current upsurge in technology where complex research can be undertaken may moderately disentangle this disparaging issue. For physician assistant professions and physical therapists, solid and systematic research has evidenced to be the impeccable way of ensuring that they advance their knowledge and provide quality healthcare services. ReferenceBlessing, J. D., & Gorister, J. G. (2013). Introduct ion to research and medical literature for health professionals (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.